1. Dis Lexic is a fanfiction author that has written 68 stories for Harry Potter, Elder Scroll series, Sekirei, High School DxD/ハイスクールD×D, Mass Effect, Code.
2. Immediate impact. According to the New York Independent System Operator – the ISO responsible for managing the New York state power grid – a 3,500 megawatt power.

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The Asahi Shimbun. With the Rio de Janeiro Paralympics approaching, The Asahi Shimbun has begun a series focusing on various challenged athletes.

Year 2. 00. 0 problem - Wikipedia. An electronic sign displaying the year incorrectly as 1. January 2. 00. 0 in France. The Year 2. 00. 0 problem, also known as the Y2.

K problem, the Millennium bug, the Y2. K bug, or Y2. K, is a class of computer bugs related to the formatting and storage of calendar data for dates beginning in the year 2. Problems were anticipated, and arose, because twentieth- century software often represented the four- digit year with only the final two digits—making the year 2.

The assumption of a twentieth- century date in such programs caused various errors, such as the incorrect display of dates and the inaccurate ordering of automated dated records or real- time events. In 1. 99. 7 the British Standards Institute (BSI) developed standard DISC PD2.

Year 2. 00. 0 Conformity requirements" as four rules: (1) No valid date will cause any interruption in operations; (2) Calculation of durations between, or the sequence of, pairs of dates will be correct whether any dates are in different centuries; (3) In all interfaces and in all storage, the century must be unambiguous, either specified, or calculable by algorithm; (4) Year 2. It identifies two problems that may exist in many computer programs. First, the practice of representing the year with two digits became problematic with logical error(s) arising upon "rollover" from x. This had caused some date- related processing to operate incorrectly for dates and times on and after 1 January 2. Without corrective action, long- working systems would break down when the ".. Secondly, some programmers had misunderstood the Gregorian calendar rule that determines whether years that are exactly divisible by 1.

For Formula One teams struggling with reliability issues, qualifying can feel like the place where you can run the session, but the results don’t matter. Grid. Background. Y2K is a numeronym and was the common abbreviation for the year 2000 software problem. The abbreviation combines the letter Y for "year", and k for the SI. Read the latest stories about International on Fortune. English-German online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. More information! Contains translations by TU Chemnitz and Mr Honey's.

Years divisible by 1. Thus the year 2. 00.

Companies and organisations worldwide checked, fixed, and upgraded their computer systems to address the anticipated problem.[2]Very few computer failures were reported when the clocks rolled over into 2. It is not known how many problems went unrecorded.[3]Background[edit]Y2. K is a numeronym and was the common abbreviation for the year 2. The abbreviation combines the letter Y for "year", and k for the SI unit prefix kilo meaning 1. K signifies 2. 00. It was also named the "Millennium Bug" because it was associated with the popular (rather than literal) roll- over of the millennium, even though most of the problems could have occurred at the end of any ordinary century.

The Year 2. 00. 0 problem was the subject of the early book, Computers in Crisis by Jerome and Marilyn Murray (Petrocelli, 1. Mc. Graw- Hill under the title The Year 2. Computing Crisis in 1. The first recorded mention of the Year 2. Problem on a Usenet newsgroup occurred on Friday, 1. January 1. 98. 5, by Usenet poster Spencer Bolles.[4]The acronym Y2.

K has been attributed to David Eddy, a Massachusetts programmer,[5] in an e- mail sent on 1. June 1. 99. 5. He later said, "People were calling it CDC (Century Date Change), FADL (Faulty Date Logic). There were other contenders. Y2. K just came off my fingertips."[6]The problem started because on both mainframe computers and later personal computers, storage was expensive, from as low as $1. US$1. 00 per kilobyte.[7] It was therefore very important for programmers to reduce usage.

Since programs could simply prefix "1. MMDDYY, MM as two digits for the month, DD as two digits for the day, and YY as two digits for the year. As space on disc and tape was also expensive, this also saved money by reducing the size of stored data files and data bases.[8]Many computer programs stored years with only two decimal digits; for example, 1. Some such programs could not distinguish between the year 2. Other programs tried to represent the year 2. This could cause a complete failure and cause date comparisons to produce incorrect results. Some embedded systems, making use of similar date logic, were expected to fail and cause utilities and other crucial infrastructure to fail.

Some warnings of what would happen if nothing was done were particularly dire: The Y2. K problem is the electronic equivalent of the El Niño and there will be nasty surprises around the globe. John Hamre, United States Deputy Secretary of Defense[9]Special committees were set up by governments to monitor remedial work and contingency planning, particularly by crucial infrastructures such as telecommunications, utilities and the like, to ensure that the most critical services had fixed their own problems and were prepared for problems with others. While some commentators and experts argued that the coverage of the problem largely amounted to scaremongering,[1. January 2. 00. 0, that fully quelled public fears.

Some experts who argued that scaremongering was occurring, such as Ross Anderson, Professor of Security Engineering at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, have since claimed that despite sending out hundreds of press releases about research results suggesting that the problem was not likely to be as big a problem as some had suggested, they were largely ignored by the media.[1. Stan Lee’S Mighty 7 Review. Programming problem[edit]The practice of using two- digit dates for convenience predates computers, but was never a problem until stored dates were used in calculations. The need for bit conservation[edit]"I'm one of the culprits who created this problem. I used to write those programs back in the 1.

I was able to squeeze a few elements of space out of my program by not having to put a 1. Back then, it was very important. We used to spend a lot of time running through various mathematical exercises before we started to write our programs so that they could be very clearly delimited with respect to space and the use of capacity. It never entered our minds that those programs would have lasted for more than a few years. As a consequence, they are very poorly documented. If I were to go back and look at some of the programs I wrote 3. I would have one terribly difficult time working my way through step- by- step."—Alan Greenspan, 1.

In the first half of the 2. IBM, which dominated the industry. Many tricks were used to squeeze needed data into fixed- field 8. Saving two digits for every date field was significant in this effort. In the 1. 96. 0s, computer memory and mass storage were scarce and expensive.

Early core memory cost one dollar per bit. Popular commercial computers, such as the IBM 1. Programs often mimicked card processing techniques.

Commercial programming languages of the time, such as COBOL and RPG, processed numbers in their character representations. Over time the punched cards were converted to magnetic tape and then disc files, but the structure of the data usually changed very little. Data was still input using punched cards until the mid- 1. Machine architectures, programming languages and application designs were evolving rapidly. Neither managers nor programmers of that time expected their programs to remain in use for many decades. The realisation that databases were a new type of program with different characteristics had not yet come. There were exceptions, of course.

The first person known to publicly address this issue was Bob Bemer, who had noticed it in 1. He spent the next twenty years trying to make programmers, IBM, the government of the United States and the ISO aware of the problem, with little result. This included the recommendation that the COBOL PICTURE clause should be used to specify four digit years for dates.[1. Despite magazine articles on the subject from 1. Y2. K as a looming problem in the mid- 1. In 1. 98. 9, Erik Naggum was instrumental in ensuring that internet mail used four digit representations of years by including a strong recommendation to this effect in the internet host requirements document RFC 1.

Saving space on stored dates persisted into the Unix era, with most systems representing dates to a single 3. Y2. K3. 8 problem. Resulting bugs from date programming[edit].

Webpage screenshots showing the Java. Script . get. Year() method problem, which depicts the Year 2.